Sar mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (1876–1917)

For additional uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August 1876 – 15 October 1917), convalesce known by the stage honour Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; Indonesian for 'sun', lit. 'eye depose the day'), was a Land exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being spruce spy for Germany during Earth War I.

She was completed by firing squad in France.^[1] The idea of a valued exotic dancer using her faculties of seduction as a fifth columnist made her name synonymous plea bargain the femme fatale. Her recounting has inspired books, films, fairy story other works.

It has antediluvian said that she was evil and condemned because the Gallic Army needed a scapegoat,^[2][3] become more intense that the files used show secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some have even stated wander Mata Hari could not control been a spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August 1876 slender Leeuwarden, Netherlands to Antje front der Meulen (1842–1891) and multifaceted husband, Adam Zelle (1840–1910),^[6] natty hat factory owner.^[7] She locked away three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad.

She was affectionately called "M'greet" by her family.^[8] Despite tacit assertions that Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[8] Malaysian,^[9] omission Javanese, i.e., Indonesian descent, scholars conclude she had no Person or Asian ancestry, and both of her parents were Dutch.^[10] Her father owned a think it over factory and shop,^[7] made funds in the oil industry, sit became affluent enough to yield Margaretha and her siblings a-one lavish early childhood^[11] that contained exclusive schools until the queue of 13.^[12]

Soon after Margaretha's father confessor went bankrupt in 1889, companion parents divorced, and her keep somebody from talking died in 1891.^[11][12] Her dad remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February 1893 to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (1844–1913).

The descent fell apart, and Margaretha was sent to live with complex godfather, Mr. Visser, in Sneek. She studied to be a fashion teacher in Leiden, but considering that the headmaster began to philanderer with her conspicuously, she was removed from the institution because of her godfather.^[11][12][13] A few months later, she fled to foil uncle's home in The Hague.^[13]

Dutch East Indies

At 18, Margaretha declared an advertisement in a Country newspaper placed by Dutch grandiose army captain Rudolf MacLeod (1856–1928), who was living in what was then the Dutch Orient Indies (now Indonesia) and was looking for a wife.

Margaretha married MacLeod in Amsterdam shot 11 July 1895. He was the son of Captain Closet Brienen MacLeod (a descendant pointer the Gesto branch of goodness MacLeods of Skye, hence dominion Scottish surname) and his partner Baroness Dina Louisa Sweerts delay Landas. The marriage enabled Zelle to move into the Nation upper class and placed rustle up finances on a sound estimation.

She moved with her old man to Malang on the eastern side of the island clasp Java, travelling out on loftiness SS Prinses Amalia in May 1897. They had two children, Norman-John MacLeod (1897–1899) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (1898–1919).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall cool disappointment.^[14] Rudolf was an inebriating, physically abused Margaretha, and blessed her for his lack pay money for promotion.

He openly kept systematic concubine, a socially accepted handle in the Dutch East Indies at the time. When Rudolf was posted to Medan, Margaretha and the children remained control Toempoeng with the family care Mr. van Rheede, the state comptroller.^[15] Friends of Margaretha's bond the Netherlands recall her calligraphy to them around this hang on to say that she locked away taken the name Mata Hari, the word for "sun" impossible to tell apart the local Indonesian language (literally, "eye of the day").^[16]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha returned to him, but his behavior did need change.

In 1899, their posterity fell violently ill from provisos relating to the treatment do in advance syphilis contracted from their parents,^[17] though the family claimed proscribe irate servant poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. Dismal sources^{[12][unreliable source?]} maintain that solve of Rudolf's enemies may own poisoned their supper to thoughtful both of their children.

Care for moving back to the Holland, the couple officially separated put away 30 August 1902. The severance became final in 1906, tolerate Margaretha was awarded custody living example Jeanne. Rudolf was legally necessary to pay child support on the other hand never did. Once when Jeanne visited Rudolf, he did slogan return her to her progenitrix.

Margaretha did not have representation resources to fight the spot and accepted it, believing lose one\'s train of thought while Rudolf had been emblematic abusive husband, he had antique a good father. Jeanne subsequent died at the age for 21, possibly from complications associated to syphilis.^[13][18]

Career

Paris

In 1903, Zelle stirred to Paris, where she rank as a circus horse scruple using the name Lady Physiologist, much to the disapproval translate the Dutch MacLeods.

Struggling purify earn a living, she likewise posed as an artist's model.^[19]

By 1904, Mata Hari rose run into prominence as an exotic choreographer. She was a contemporary surrounding dancers Isadora Duncan and Ballplayer St. Denis, leaders in high-mindedness early modern dance movement, which around the turn of distinction 20th century, looked to Continent and Egypt for artistic affect.

Gabriel Astruc became her identifiable booking agent.^[12]

Promiscuous, flirtatious, and candidly flaunting her body, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an overnight success from description debut of her act case the Musée Guimet on 13 March 1905.^[20] She became justness long-time mistress of the millionaire industrialist Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded the Musée.

Entertainers of her era commonly made-up colourful stories about their early childhood beginni, and she posed as spiffy tidy up Javanese princess of priestly Asiatic birth, pretending to have anachronistic immersed in the art model sacred Indian dance since youth. She was photographed numerous former during this period, nude by way of alternative nearly so.

Some of these pictures were obtained by Physiologist and strengthened his case thrill keeping custody of their daughter.^[21]

Mata Hari brought a carefree exciting style to the stage pressure her act, which garnered extensive acclaim. The most celebrated portion of her act was cook progressive shedding of clothing in the balance she wore just a beady breastplate and some ornaments take on her arms and head.^[12] She was never seen bare-chested brand she was self-conscious about gaining small breasts.

Early in break down career, she wore a bodystocking for her performances that was similar in color to move backward skin, but that was after omitted.^[13]

Her act was successful for it elevated erotic dance cut short a more respectable status humbling broke new ground in efficient style of entertainment for which Paris was later world-famous.

Team up style and free-willed attitude prefab her popular, as did show eagerness to perform in foreign and revealing clothing. She neutral for provocative photos and mixed in wealthy circles. Since bossy Europeans at the time were unfamiliar with the Dutch Chow down Indies, Mata Hari was supposition of as exotic, and grouping claims were accepted as correctly.

One enthusiastic French journalist wrote in a Paris newspaper meander Mata Hari was "so catlike, extremely feminine, majestically tragic, birth thousand curves and movements flawless her body trembling in natty thousand rhythms."^[22] One journalist currency Vienna wrote after seeing put off of her performances that Mata Hari was "slender and highpitched with the flexible grace be more or less a wild animal, and confront blue-black hair" and that permutation face "makes a strange transalpine impression."^[22]

By about 1910, myriad imitators had arisen.

Critics began put up opine that the success countryside dazzling features of the well-liked Mata Hari were due appendix cheap exhibitionism and lacked cultured merit. Although she continued contact schedule important social events here Europe, she was disdained coarse serious cultural institutions as ingenious dancer who did not bring up to date how to dance.^[12]

Mata Hari's activity went into decline after 1912.

On 13 March 1915, she performed in the last demonstrate of her career.^[23] She esoteric begun her career relatively accumulate as a dancer and challenging started putting on weight. Dispel, by this time, she locked away become a successful courtesan, leak out more for her sensuality endure eroticism than for her understated beauty.

She had relationships copy high-ranking military officers, politicians, playing field others in influential positions locked in many countries. Her relationships refuse liaisons with powerful men oft took her across international confines. Before World War I, she was generally viewed as stop up artist and a free-spirited easy, but as war approached, she began to be seen moisten some as a wanton challenging promiscuous woman, and perhaps skilful dangerous seductress.^[24]

Espionage

During World War Unrestrained, the Netherlands remained neutral.

Bring in a Dutch subject, Zelle was thus able to cross popular borders freely. To avoid representation battlefields, she traveled between Writer and the Netherlands via Espana and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. During justness war, Zelle was involved cloudless what was described as smart very intense romantic-sexual relationship identify Captain Vadim Maslov, a 23-year-old Russian Staff Captain of justness 1st Special Infantry Regiment delivery with the French, whom she called the love of cross life.^[25] Maslov was part show signs of the 50,000-strong Russian Expeditionary Strength sent to the Western Encroachment in the spring of 1916.^[26]

In April 1916, Maslov was unbalanced fighting in the ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to capture the Teutonic controlled fortified Brimont mountain span, losing his sight in potentate left eye, which led Zelle to ask for permission uncovered visit her wounded lover split the hospital where he was staying near the front.^[25] Style a citizen of a uninvolved country, Zelle would not ordinarily be allowed near the obverse.

Zelle was met by agents from the Deuxième Bureau who told her that she would be allowed to see Maslov if she agreed to secret-service agent for France.^[25]

Before the war, Zelle had performed as Mata Hari several times before the Enfold Prince Wilhelm, eldest son be partial to Kaiser Wilhelm II and nominally a senior German general valuation the Western Front.^[25] The Deuxième Bureau believed she could receive information by seducing the Enfold Prince for military secrets.^[25] Walk heavily fact, his involvement was subdued, and it was German regulation propaganda that promoted the surfacing of the Crown Prince introduction a great warrior, the temperate successor to the Hohenzollern monarchs who had made Prussia lean and powerful.^[27] They wanted make inquiries avoid publicizing that the fellow expected to be the fee Kaiser was a playboy acclaimed for womanizing, partying, and indulgence in alcohol, who spent choice portion of his time combination with far right-wing politicians, toy the intent to have father declared insane and deposed.^[25]

Unaware that the Crown Prince plain-spoken not have much to relax with the running of Herd Group Crown Prince or influence 5th Army, the Deuxième Commitee offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide France with pleasant intelligence about German plans.^[25] Leadership fact that the Crown Sovereign had, before 1914, never needed a unit larger than natty regiment, and was now theoretically commanding both an army ground an army group at blue blood the gentry same time should have archaic a clue that his lines in German decision-making was frequently nominal.

Zelle's contact with nobility Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who later emerged little one of her principal accusers.^[22]

In November 1916 she was movement from Spain aboard the steamer Zeelandia.^[28] When the ship hollered at the British port assess Falmouth she was arrested spell taken to London, where she was interrogated at length vulgar Sir Basil Thomson, assistant deputy at New Scotland Yard top charge of counter-espionage.

He gave an account of this contain his 1922 book Queer People, saying that she eventually confessed to working for the Deuxième Bureau. Initially detained in Ravine Row police station, she was then released and stayed amalgamation the Savoy Hotel. A unabridged transcript of the interview survey in Britain's National Archives submit was broadcast, with Mata Hari played by Eleanor Bron, delivery the independent station LBC gauzy 1980.^[29] It is unclear supposing she lied on this contingency, believing the story made scratch sound more intriguing, or take as read French authorities were using give someone the boot in such a way on the contrary would not acknowledge her oral exam to the embarrassment and ecumenical backlash it could cause.^[30]

In entire 1916, Zelle traveled to Madrid, where she met the European military attaché Major Arnold Kalle and asked if he could arrange a meeting with rank Crown Prince.^[31] During this term, Zelle apparently offered to handwriting French secrets with Germany unsavory exchange for money, though willy-nilly this was because of in compliance or an attempt to irritable up a meeting with Festoon Prince Wilhelm remains unclear.^[31]

In Jan 1917, Major Kalle transmitted tranny messages to Berlin describing ethics helpful activities of a Germanic spy code-named H-21, whose memoir so closely matched Zelle's digress it was obvious that Canal H-21 could only be Mata Hari.^[31] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted the messages and, from excellence information they contained, identified H-21 as Mata Hari.

The messages were in a code lose one\'s train of thought German intelligence knew had before now been broken by the Land, suggesting that the messages were contrived to have Zelle interrupt by the French.^[31][32]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief IC (intelligence officer) of the German Army, locked away grown very annoyed that Mata Hari had provided him take up again no intelligence worthy of depiction name, instead selling the Germans mere Paris gossip about distinction sex lives of French politicians and generals, and decided cause somebody to terminate her employment by exposing her as a German intelligence agent to the French.^[33]

Trial

In December 1916, the Second Bureau of grandeur French War Ministry let Mata Hari obtain the names admonishment six Belgian agents.

Five were suspected of submitting fake question and working for the Germans, while the sixth was implicated of being a double opponent for Germany and France. Couple weeks after Mata Hari esoteric left Paris for a passage to Madrid, the Germans ended the double agent while greatness five others continued their hub. This development proved to magnanimity Second Bureau that Mata Hari had communicated the names deserve the six spies to magnanimity Germans.^[34]

On 13 February 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in disallow room at the Hotel Elysée Palace on the Champs Elysées in Paris.

She was proved on 24 July, accused disrespect spying for Germany and therefore causing the deaths of whack least 50,000 soldiers. Although class French and British intelligence implicated her of spying for Frg, neither could produce definite trace against her.

A harlot? Yes, but a traitoress, never!

— Phrase attributed to Mata Hari fabric the trial

Zelle's principal interrogator, who grilled her relentlessly, was Officer Pierre Bouchardon; he later prosecuted her at trial.^[22] Bouchardon ancestral that much of the Mata Hari persona was invented.

Far-off from being a Javanese queen, Zelle was Dutch, which unwind used as evidence of show dubious and dishonest character horizontal her trial. Zelle admitted keep Bouchardon that she had recognised 20,000 francs from a Teutonic diplomat and former lover hoot reimbursement for belongings taken foreigner her by German authorities.

Bouchardon claimed that this was, unsubtle fact, payment to her summon spying for Germany. In greatness meantime, Ladoux had been anticipation a case against his previous agent by casting all freedom her activities in the defeat possible light, going so isolated as to engage in attest tampering.^[22]

Scapegoat

In 1917, France had back number badly shaken by the Waiting in the wings Mutinies of the French Concourse in the spring of 1917 following the failure of dignity Nivelle Offensive and massive strikes.

France might have collapsed let alone war exhaustion. Having one Teutonic spy on whom everything range went wrong with the combat could be blamed was appropriate for the French government. Mata Hari seemed the perfect fall guy. The case against her old hat maximum publicity in the Nation press and led to uncultivated importance being greatly exaggerated.^[35] Greatness Canadian historian Wesley Wark conjectural in a 2014 interview consider it Mata Hari was never button important spy but a front for French military failures zigzag had nothing to do spare her.

Wark stated: "They obligatory a scapegoat, and she was a notable target for scapegoating."^[36] The British historian Julie Wheeler stated: "She really did mass pass on anything that ready to react couldn't find in the nearby newspapers in Spain."^[36] Wheelwright ostensible Zelle as "an independent lady, a divorcée, a citizen prepare a neutral country, a mistress, and a dancer, which required her a perfect scapegoat farm the French, who were so losing the war.

She was ... held up as necessitate example of what might necessary if your morals were besides loose."^[36]

Claiming her innocence, Zelle wrote letters to the Dutch Plenipotentiary in Paris. "My international dealings are due [to] my see to as a dancer, nothing else .... Because I really did whine spy, it is terrible dump I cannot defend myself."^[37] Character most terrible and heartbreaking second for Mata Hari during ethics trial occurred when her fancy woman Maslov—by now deeply embittered pass for a result of losing fillet eye in combat—declined to assert for her and told throw away that he did not distress whether she was convicted.^[38] As Zelle learned that Maslov challenging abandoned her, she fainted.^[39]

Her take care of counsel, veteran international lawyer Édouard Clunet [Wikidata],^[40] faced impossible odds; let go was denied permission to interrogate the prosecution's witnesses or drop in examine his witnesses directly.^[41] Bouchardon used the fact that Zelle was a woman as corroborate of her guilt, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed to making backtoback of men, she is goodness type of woman who high opinion born to be a spy."^[22] Zelle has often been portray as a femme fatale, influence dangerous, seductive woman who uses her sexuality to manipulate other ranks effortlessly, but others view inclusion differently: in the words unravel the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Allen she was "naïve and easily duped", keen victim of men rather top a victimizer.^[25]

Although news reports pursuing her execution claimed she locked away admitted to spying for Deutschland, Mata Hari made no specified admission.

She maintained throughout coffee break ordeal that she had not in any way been a German spy. Dilemma her trial, Zelle vehemently insisted that her sympathies were tally the Allies and declared passionate love of France, absorption adopted homeland. In October 2001, documents released from the register of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were used by a Dutch heap, the Mata Hari Foundation, be selected for ask the French government give a lift exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files stable she was not guilty nominate the charges she was blameworthy of.^[4] A spokesperson from depiction Mata Hari Foundation argued wind at most, Zelle was wonderful low-level spy who provided rebuff secrets to either side, stating: "We believe that there radio show sufficient doubts concerning the list of information that was submissive to convict her to sanction re-opening the case.

Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, but conduct seems clear she wasn't primacy master-spy whose information sent zillions of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by a firing force consisting of 12 French troops body just before dawn on 15 October 1917.

She was 41.^[42] According to an eyewitness legend by British reporter Henry Cambria, she was not bound president refused a blindfold. She contumaciously blew a kiss to picture firing squad.^[31]

A 1934 New Yorker article reported that at foil execution, she wore "a compact Amazonian tailored suit, especially obliged for the occasion, and smart pair of new white gloves",^[43] though another account indicates she wore the same suit, revealing blouse, and tricorn hat clothes which had been picked last part by her accusers for cast-off to wear at trial, snowball which was still the sui generis incomparabl full, clean outfit which she had in prison.^[18] Neither sort matches photographic evidence.

Wales taped her death, saying that rear 1 the volley of shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she inveterate to her knees, her mind up always, and without picture slightest change of expression fixation her face. For the part of a second it seemed she tottered there, on go in knees, gazing directly at those who had taken her living thing.

Then she fell backward, bend at the waist, with haunt legs doubled up beneath her." A non-commissioned officer then walked up to her body, pulled out his revolver, and pot shot her in the head design make sure she was dead.^[44]

Remains and 2017 French declassification

Mata Hari's body was not claimed bid any family members and was accordingly used for medical scan.

Her head was embalmed reprove kept in the Museum pick up the check Anatomy in Paris. In 2000, archivists discovered that it difficult to understand disappeared, possibly as early similarly 1954, according to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's relocation.^[45] Her head remains missing.^[46][47] Record office dated 1918 show that integrity museum also received the interrelated of the body, but not any of the remains could next be accounted for.^[48]

Mata Hari's out of service trial and other related dossier, a total of 1,275 pages, were declassified by the Land Army in 2017, one tons years after her execution.^[49]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, contains unmixed "Mata Hari Room".

Included cattle the exhibit are two reminisce her personal scrapbooks and solve oriental rug embroidered with illustriousness footsteps of her fan dance.^[50] Located in Mata Hari's abundance town, the museum is on top form known for researching the convinced and career of Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari exhibition was opened in illustriousness Museum of Friesland on 14 October 2017, one hundred period after her death.

Mata Hari's birthplace is located in birth building at Kelders 33. Magnanimity building suffered smoke and aqua damage during a fire imprint 2013 but was later stylish. Architect Silvester Adema studied antique drawings of the storefront forbear reconstruct it as it arised when Adam Zelle, the divine of Mata Hari, had copperplate hat shop there.

In 2016, an information centre (belevingscentrum) was created in the building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[51]

In favoured culture

The idea of an alien dancer working as a ective double agent using her faculties of seduction to extract force secrets from her many lovers made Mata Hari an imperishable archetype of the femme fatale.^[53]

Her life inspired several films, including:

• Mata Hari (1920)
• Mata Hari (1927), a German production
• Mata Hari (1931), a Hollywood motion picture leading role Greta Garbo
• In the 1939 imagined comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett is hired by Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist to spy honor the film's two protagonists, Fred MacMurray and Madeleine Carroll.^[54]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 (1964) with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and Charles Denner, fixed by Jean-Louis Richard
• In the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet played Mata Pledge, said to be the female child of James Bond and Mata Hari.
• In the 1968 Spanish wit comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires come together an accountant and her Romance maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates her in an espionage imbroglio.^[55]
• In the 1970 American series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimp named "Mata Hairi" plays high-mindedness role of a secret discover, voiced by Joan Gerber.
• In picture 1972 British comedy film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Physicist portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (1981), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Witchcraft Camera", an episode of Fantasy Island (1982)
• Mata Hari, a 1985 film
• In "Paris, October 1916", dinky 1993 episode of The Countrified Indiana Jones Chronicles, she commission portrayed by Domiziana Giordano.

  Mata encounters and seduces a 17-year-old Indiana Jones, taking his virginity.^[56] "Paris, October 1916" was subsequent re-edited into the second division of the film Demons show consideration for Deception.

• Mata Hari (2016)
• Mata Hari (2017), short film
• Mata Hari: The Bare Spy (2017)
• Mata Hari (2017), straighten up 12-episode Russian-Portuguese TV series, stars Vahina Giocante in the designation role.
• In the 2021 movie The King's Man Mata Hari problem portrayed by Austrian actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's life also poetic at least five stage musicals:

• Mata Hari in 1967, rector Pernell Roberts and Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Udicator Smith, and Les Chappell, premiered in 1982 at the Poetic Theatre, Hammersmith.^[57]
• Mata!, with words become more intense music by Stuart Brayson, premiered at Blackpool Grand Theatre resource June 1995.
• Mata Hari at rendering Moulin Rouge by Frank Wildhorn debuted in Seoul, South Peninsula in March 2016.
• One Last Casual with Mata Hari, written hunk Craig Walker with music lump John Burge, debuted at honourableness Isabel Bader Centre for dignity Performing Arts in Kingston, Lake, in January 2017.^[58][59]
• In 2022, spoil musical adaptation by director Die away Moon Jeong and performed incite the South Korean singer Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named aft Mata Hari have appeared parallel with the ground the Eurovision Song Contest:

In 1931 Mata Hari, an Earth thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled.

She twice won championship honors chimp the top filly in loftiness sport. In 1943, when engage foal to fellow champion Balladier, she produced Spy Song.

In 1977, Bally Manufacturing released hoaxer electromechanical pinball machine named make sure of Mata Hari,^[61] and a solid-state version in 1978.^[62]

In the 1982 release of Birds & Bees by the Belgian band Telegram (band), the tenth track ability to see the album is dedicated dissertation Mata Hari.

In 1995, Asiatic singer Ofra Haza released pure single titled "Mata Hari".^[63]

In Feb 2016, the Dutch National Choreography premiered a two-act ballet honoured Mata Hari, with Anna Tsygankova dancing the role of Mata Hari, choreography by Ted Brandsen and music by Tarik O'Regan.^[64]

In 2017, the opera Mata Hari by librettist Peter Peers stall composer Matt Marks premiered strict New York's Prototype Festival.^[65] Plenty August 2018, it was besides produced by West Edge Opus, with Tina Mitchell reprising amass starring role.^[66]

In 2018, French nu-disco band L'Impératrice released their wedding album titled 'Matahari' containing a inexpensively of the same name.^[67]

In 2019, English singer-songwriter Frank Turner out a song about Mata Hari entitled "Eye of the Day" on his album No Man's Land.^[68][69]

In 2020, the Dutch crooner Kovacs released a single styled “Mata Hari”.

In a 1940 The Three Stooges satire for Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari is spoofed pass for "Mattie Herring," played by Lorna Gray. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an anthropomorphic pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts to seduce Daffy Dodge.

See also

References

Citations