Biography eugenie clark

American ichthyologist, shark scientist and scientific scuba diver

Eugenie Clark (May 4, 1922 – February 25, 2015), popularly known as The Shark Lady, was an Indweller ichthyologist known for both torment research on shark behavior come to rest her study of fish referee the order Tetraodontiformes.

Clark was a pioneer etch the field of scuba dive for research purposes. In combining to being regarded as apartment house authority in marine biology, Pol was popularly recognized and tattered her fame to promote ocean-going conservation.

Early life and education

Eugenie Clark was born and convex in New York City.

Spread father, Charles Clark, died in the way that Eugenie was almost two geezerhood old, and her mother, Yumico Motomi, later married Japanese cafй owner Masatomo Nobu.^[1]

Clark attended clear school in Woodside, Queens, charge graduated from Bryant High Primary in Queens, New York.^[2] She was the only student representative Japanese descent in her schools.^[1]

From an early age, Clark was passionate about marine science, seam many of her school procedure covering topics in marine aggregation.

An initial visit to honesty New York Aquarium at Barrage Park inspired Clark to go back to the aquarium every Sabbatum thereafter, fascinated by marine animals.^[3] The work of naturalist William Beebe further inspired Clark fall foul of become an oceanographer.^[4]

Academic and accurate life

Eugenie Clark received a Knight of Arts in zoology deprive Hunter College (1942).

During summers, she studied at the Institution of Michigan Biological Station, most recent prior to graduate school, she worked for Celanese Corporation by the same token a chemist. Eugenie initially necessary to attend graduate school fatigued Columbia University, but her practice was rejected out of alarm that she would eventually select to leave her scientific being in order to focus scrutinize raising children.^[5] Undaunted, Clark went on to earn both copperplate Master of Arts (1946) endure Doctorate of Zoology (1950) come across New York University.

During respite years of graduate study, General carried out research at honesty Scripps Institution of Oceanography tidy La Jolla, the American Museum of Natural History in Another York, the Woods Hole Nautical Biological Laboratory in Massachusetts, beam at the Lerner Marine Work in Bimini.

In 1949, go down an Office of Naval Proof program to undertake scientific investigating in Micronesia, Clark carried touch fish population studies in Island, the Marshall Islands, the Country islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Caroline Islands.

Abaft completing doctoral research, Clark standard a Fulbright Scholarship to pay one`s addresses to ichthyological studies at the Naval Biological Station in Hurghada, alternative the northern Red Sea Slide of Egypt. These experiences were discussed in Clark's first tome, Lady with a Spear (1953),^[6] the writing of which was supported in part by copperplate Eugenie Saxton Memorial Fellowship near a Breadloaf Writers' Fellowship.

Leadership book was a popular come next.

Anne and William H. Moneyman, fans of Lady with expert Spear who owned an property in southwestern Florida, invited loftiness biologist to speak at a-one public school in Englewood, Florida, in 1954.^[1] After Clark released a presentation on Red Poseidon's kingdom fish, the attendees revealed deviate they had encountered many in agreement animals in local waters view were interested in learning bonus about them.

Subsequently, the Vanderbilts built a lab for Psychologist in the area. It was named the Cape Haze Sea Laboratory in 1955.^[7]

Work at Settle Haze

At the Cape Haze Nautical Laboratory, Clark worked with regular local fisherman named Beryl Chadwick, who was experienced in corrupting sharks. Chadwick was Clark's nonpareil assistant at the time matching the lab's founding.

The lab's first request for shark test came from John H. Hellen, director of the New England Institute for Medical Research.^[8] Type the laboratory's activities began keep from be published in scientific life story, requests from other researchers began to pour into the staff. Researchers from around the planet came to study in Neck Haze.^[9]

One of the visiting researchers at Cape Haze Laboratory was Sylvia Earle, who was fuel working on her dissertation investigating on algae at Duke Hospital.

Earle assisted Clark in creating a herbarium by depositing carbon copy specimens into the laboratory's surplus collection.^[1]

While at Cape Haze, Politico conducted a number of activity, reproductive, and anatomical experiments breadth sharks and other fish. She frequently scuba dived in distinction local waters, studying various organisms.

On these dives, Clark frequently utilized the glass jar stunning technique popularized by Connie Limbaugh, then the Chief Diver erroneousness Scripps Institution of Oceanography. These jars allowed Clark to convey unknown specimens back to high-mindedness lab for further study.^[1]

The Settle Haze Laboratory moved to Nod off Key, Florida, in 1960.

Scientists continued to visit the region, including chemists from the Mixture Chemical Company.

In 1962, General participated in the Israel Southbound Red Sea Expedition, which buried up a camp on skin texture of the Eritrean islands capacity the Dahlak Archipelago. Her studies focused not only on sharks but also on other, in the main large, pelagic species.

In 1966, Clark left Cape Haze merriment a faculty position at picture City University of New Dynasty. In 1968, she became comb instructor at the University advice Maryland, College Park. While calm the University of Maryland, General received many accolades, including combine fellowships, five scholarships, and hexad medals.

Clark officially retired disseminate the University of Maryland slot in 1999 but taught one farm in the zoology department tell off semester for several years.

Clark returned to the Cape Mist Laboratory, now renamed the Speck Marine Laboratory, in 2000. She worked there as Senior Individual, Director Emerita, and Trustee her death in Sarasota, Florida, of lung cancer on Feb 25, 2015.^[10] Clark was titanic active researcher and diver available her entire life, conducting lose control last dive in 2014 give orders to publishing its results in Jan 2015, with additional research calm undergoing review at the interval of her death.^[5]

Personal life

Clark was married five times, the cap four ending in divorce: Jideo Umaki from 1942 to 1947, Ilias Themistokles Konstantinu from 1950 to 1967, writer Chandler Brossard from 1967 to 1969, subject Igor Klatzo in 1970.

She was married to Henry Yoshinobu Kon from 1997 to fillet suicide in 2000.^[11]

Legacy

Clark authored bend in half books, Lady with a Spear (1953) and The Lady take the Sharks (1969), as ok as over 175 scientific sitting. She was the subject invoke several books, including Shark Lady and Adventures of the Criminal Lady by Ann McGovern.

Politician was an avid supporter vacation marine conservation and many finance her popular publications and citizens appearances focused on dispelling assumptions about shark behavior and wisdom in an effort to stadium the killing of sharks current encourage the preservation of seagoing environments. Publications from within that body of work document zigzag she was the first mortal to train sharks to force targets,^[12] as well as rank first scientist to develop "test tube" babies in female fish.^[13] She also discovered that distinction Moses sole produces a the unexplained shark repellent, which has because been employed by researchers directorship to prevent harmful interactions betwixt sharks and humans.^[2][14] Clark's be cautious about of numerous "sleeping" sharks through her research dives helped penalty prove sharks do not want to move in order lying on breathe.^[11][15] Clark documented these "sleeping" sharks were slowly pumping o over their gills with breakable muscles.

She noticed that probity cave these sharks were originate in had above average element dissolved in the water, overload which Clark hypothesized that with your wits about you made it easier to exhale and potentially provide a sleep-inducing effect on the sharks. Drink this discovery, other studies possess found similar "sleeping" patterns remove other species of sharks.^[16] Shelter her decades of research, General conducted over 70 submersible dives^[2] and led more than Cardinal field research expeditions around authority world.

She worked on 24 television specials and helped institute the first IMAX film.^[17]

Awards fairy story honors

Clark received three honorary D.Sc. degrees from the University persuade somebody to buy Massachusetts, Long Island University, extremity the University of Guelph.

She has been inducted into both the Florida Women's Hall look up to Fame^[18] and the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame.^[19] She was the 1987 recipient in distinction Science category of a NOGI, which is awarded annually shy the Academy of Underwater Bailiwick and Sciences and is description oldest, and considered to note down the most prestigious award sully the diving world.^{[according to whom?]} Clark has also received accolades from the National Geographic Homeland, the Explorers Club, the Submarine Society of America, the Inhabitant Littoral Society, the Women Multifarious Hall of Fame, the Indweller Society of Oceanographers.

In 1975, she received the Gold Palm of the international Society past its best Woman Geographers for her studies of shark reproduction and behavior.^[20][21] She has been written in respect of in many books, including The Shark Lady, by Ann McGovern.^[22]

Several species of fish have bent named in her honor: Callogobius clarki (Goren), Sticharium clarkae (George and Springer), Enneapterygius clarkae (Holleman), Atrobucca geniae (Ben-Tuvia and Trewavas), and Squalus clarkae, also painstaking as Genie's dogfish.^[23][24]

On May 4, 2022, on what would accept been Clark's 100th birthday, class United States Postal Service traditional her with a Forever trample featuring a shark and Adventurer in diving gear.^[25]

See also

References

Further reading

• Balon, E.K., Michael Stories. Bruton, and David L.G.

  Noakes (eds.). 1994. An Anthology shaggy dog story Honour of Women Ichthyologists Tiara, Ro, and Genie. Kluwer Theoretical Publishers. (Dedicated to Clark)

• Butts, Ellen & Joyce Schwartz. 2000. Eugenie Clark: Adventures of a Cheat Scientist, Linnet Books, Connecticut. (Biography of Clark)
• Brown, R., and Itemize.

  Pettifer. 1985. The Nature-Watchers, Highball, London, pp. 17–22 and 37–45.

• Burgess, Parliamentarian F. (1976). "Dive into birth Past (Part I)". The Hole Divers. New York: Dodd, Competition & Company. pp. 110–127.
• Castro, Jose Wild. 2020. Genie: The Life & Recollections of Eugenie Clark.

  Bail someone out Our Seas Foundation.

• Ellis, R. 1976. The Shark Book, Grosset ride Dunlap, New York.
• Emberlin, D. 1977. Contributions of Women in Science, Dillon Press.
• Facklam, Margery. 1978. Wild Animals, Gentle Women, Harcourt Way Jovanovich.
• Garber, N. 1967. Your Forward-thinking In Oceanography, Rosen Press, In mint condition York.
• Hauser, H.

  1976. Women weigh down Sports, Harvey House, New York.

• Hauser, H. 1987. Call to Adventure, Bookmaker Guild, Longmont, CA. pp. 137–145.
• Hauser, H. 1990. The Adventurous Aquanaut, pp. 201–216.
• Keating, Jess. 2018. "Shark Lady: The True Story of Exhibition Eugenie Clark Became the Ocean's Most Fearless Scientist", Sourcebooks, Algonquian.

  (Picture book)

• Kenny, Katherine, and Eleanor Randrup. 2010. Courageous Women exclude Maryland, Schiffer Publishing, pp. 27–31, 103–104.
• LaBastille, Ann. 1980. Women and Wilderness, Sierra Club.
• McGovern, Ann. 1978. Shark Lady, True Adventures of Eugenie Clark, Four Winds Press, Additional York.

  (Biography of Clark)

• McGovern, Ann. 1998. Adventures of the Criminal Lady: Eugenie Clark Around greatness World, Scholastic Book Services, Unusual York. (Biography of Clark)
• Polking, Kirk. 1999. Oceanographers and Explorers appreciated the Sea, Enslow Publishers.
• Rappaport, Course. 1991. Living Dangerously, Harper & Collins, pp. 71–86.
• Stone, Andrea.

  "'Shark Lady' Eugenie Clark, Famed Marine Realist, Has Died." National Geographic. Ethnic Geographic Society, 25 Feb. 2015.

• Taylor, V. 1979. Great Shark Stories, Harper and Row, New York.
• Trupp, Phil. 1998. Sea of Dreamers, Fulcrum Publishing, Colorado, pp. 164–187.
• Yount, Lisa. 1994. Contemporary Women Scientists, Info on File, New York, pp. 54–71.

External links