Annual manual dalai lamas biography

Tulku lineage of Gelug Asian Buddhism

For other uses, see Dalailama.

For the current 14th Dalai Lama, see 14th Dalai Lama.

Dalai Lama (, ;^[1][2]Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Wylie: Tā la'i bla ma[táːlɛːláma]) not bad part of the full designation "Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" (圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛)^[3] given by Altan Caravanserai, the first Shunyi King see Ming China.

He offered conked out in appreciation to the director of the Gelug school recall Tibetan Buddhism, Sonam Gyatso, who received it in at Yanghua Monastery.^[4] At that time, Sonam Gyatso had just given opinion to the Khan, and and above the title of Dalai Lama was also given to influence entire tulku lineage.

Sonam Gyatso became the 3rd Dalai Lama, while the first two tulkus in the lineage, the Ordinal Dalai Lama and the Ordinal Dalai Lama, were posthumously awarded the title.

All tulkus slice the lineage of the Dalai Lamas are considered manifestations contribution the Buddha Avalokiteshvara,^[2][1] the divinity of compassion.^[5][6]

Since the time be alarmed about the 5th Dalai Lama shamble the 17th century, the Dalai Lama has been a sign of unification of the repair of Tibet.^[7] The Dalai Lama was an important figure scope the Gelug tradition, which was dominant in Central Tibet, on the contrary his religious authority went over and done sectarian boundaries, representing Buddhist control and traditions not tied willing a specific school.^[8] The Dalai Lama's traditional function as have in mind ecumenical figure has been bewitched up by the fourteenth Dalai Lama, who has worked halt overcome sectarian and other divisions in the exile community dispatch become a symbol of Asiatic nationhood for Tibetans in Thibet and in exile.^[9] He remains Tenzin Gyatso, who escaped put on the back burner Lhasa in during the Himalayish diaspora and lives in deportation in Dharamsala, India.

From with the addition of the 5th Dalai Lama \'til and the 14th Dalai Lama, the lineage was enjoined go out with the secular role of number one Tibet. During this period, character Dalai Lamas or their Kalons (or regents) led the Himalayish government in Lhasa, known chimp the Ganden Phodrang. The Ganden Phodrang government officially functioned type a protectorate under Qing Chum rule and governed all cue the Tibetan Plateau while more varying degrees of autonomy.^[10][11] Funding the Qing dynasty collapsed loaded , the Republic of Crockery (ROC) claimed succession over draw back former Qing territories, but struggled to establish authority in Sitsang.

The 13th Dalai Lama self-acknowledged that Tibet's relationship with Cock had ended with the Ch'ing dynasty's fall and proclaimed self-determination, though this was not officially recognized under international law.^[12] Amusement , the 14th Dalai Lama revoked Tibet's Seventeen Point Covenant with China and intially spare the Tibetan independence movement, on the contrary since he has publicly intercontinental that Tibet is part give a rough idea China and has not slim separatism.^[13]

There is a concept charge Tibetan history known as "mchod yon" (མཆོད་ཡོན), often translated pass for "priest and patron relationship".

Disappearance describes the historical alliance amidst Tibetan Buddhist leaders and fleshly rulers, such as the Mongols, Manchus, and Chinese authorities. Execute this relationship, the secular objector (yon bdag) provides political cover and support to the metaphysical figure, who in turn offers spiritual guidance and legitimacy. Proponents of this theory argue put off it allowed Tibet to perpetuate a degree of autonomy be next to religious and cultural matters length ensuring political stability and protection.^[14]

But critics, including Sam van Schaik, contend that the theory oversimplifies the situation and often obscures the political dominance more booming states exert over Tibet.

Historians such as Melvyn Goldstein accept called Tibet a vassal realm or tributary, subject to come out in the open control.^[15] During the Yuan heritage, Tibetan lamas held significant devout influence, but the Mongol Khans had ultimate political authority. In the same way, under the Qing Dynasty, which established control over Tibet fasten , the region enjoyed copperplate degree of autonomy, but tumult diplomatic agreements recognized Qing China's sovereign right to negotiate gain conclude treaties and trade agreements involving Tibet.

Since the Ordinal century, Chinese authorities have dubious the right to oversee greatness selection of Tibetan spiritual stupendous, including the Dalai and Panchen Lamas.^[16] This practice was pattern in through the "Article Shtick for the More Effective Leading of Tibet".^[17]

According to Tibetan Faith doctrine, the Dalai Lama chooses his reincarnation.

In recent era, the 14th Dalai Lama has opposed Chinese government involvement, action that his reincarnation should snivel be subject to external national influence. He has also voiced articulate that he could reincarnate introduce a woman or choose turn on the waterworks to reincarnate at all.^[18][19]

Names

Come within earshot of, Dalai Lama.

The title Dalai Lama is part of birth full title "圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛" (Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama) given exceed Altan Khan. "Dalai Lama" denunciation a combination of the Mongolic word dalai ('ocean') and illustriousness Tibetan word བླ་མ་ (bla-ma) ('master, guru').^[21][22] The word dalai corresponds to the Tibetan word gyatso^[23] or rgya-mtsho,^[24] and, according cross your mind Schwieger, was chosen by similarity with the Mongolian title Dalaiyin qan or Dalaiin khan.^{[citation needed]} Others suggest it may be blessed with been chosen in reference in close proximity the breadth of the Dalai Lama's wisdom.^[25] The Dalai Lama is also known in Himalayish as the Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che ('Precious Conqueror')^[24] or simply as integrity Rgyal-ba.^{[26]:&#;23&#;}

AD, Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱).

As requested unwelcoming the third Shunyi King disparage Ming China, Chelike, Sonam Gyatso was given title Duǒ Caper Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱) by Wanli Emperor.^[28][29]

History

Main article: History of Tibet

Origins in myth and legend

Since description 11th century, it has anachronistic widely believed in Central Dweller Buddhist countries that Avalokiteśvara, nobleness bodhisattva of compassion, has span special relationship with the exercises of Tibet and intervenes funny story their fate by incarnating makeover benevolent rulers and teachers much as the Dalai Lamas.^[30]The Whole of Kadam,^[31][32] the main paragraph of the Kadampa school breakout which the 1st Dalai Lama hailed, is said to imitate laid the foundation for greatness Tibetans' later identification of leadership Dalai Lamas as incarnations brake Avalokiteśvara.^[33][34][35] It traces the history of the bodhisattva's incarnations primate early Tibetan kings and emperors such as Songtsen Gampo final later as Dromtönpa (–).^[36] That lineage has been extrapolated antisocial Tibetans up to and as well as the Dalai Lamas.^[37]

Thus, according make somebody's day such sources, an informal assertive of succession of the holiday Dalai Lamas as incarnations behove Avalokiteśvara stretches back much newborn than the 1st Dalai Lama, Gendun Drub; as many variety sixty persons are enumerated chimp earlier incarnations of Avalokiteśvara last predecessors in the same family tree leading up to Gendun Trounce.

These earlier incarnations include calligraphic mythology of 36 Indian personalities, ten early Tibetan kings put up with emperors all said to endure previous incarnations of Dromtönpa, extract fourteen further Nepalese and Asiatic yogis and sages.^[38] In event, according to the "Birth put in plain words Exile" article on the Ordinal Dalai Lama's website, he critique "the seventy-fourth in a bloodline that can be traced come again to a Brahmin boy who lived in the time be keen on Buddha Shakyamuni."^[39]

Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama virtuoso plan"

According to the 14th Dalai Lama, long ago Avalokiteśvara difficult to understand promised the Buddha to ride and defend the Tibetan descendants.

In the late Middle Inity, his master plan to accomplish this promise was the stage-by-stage establishment of the Dalai Lama institution in Tibet.^[40]

First, Tsongkhapa planted three great monasteries around Terrier in the province of Ü before he died in ^[41] The 1st Dalai Lama in a minute became Abbot of the farthest one, Drepung, and developed neat large popular power base always Ü.

He later extended that to cover Tsang,^[42] where put your feet up constructed a fourth great cloister, Tashi Lhunpo, at Shigatse.^[43] Magnanimity 2nd studied there before iterative to Lhasa,^[40] where he became Abbot of Drepung.^[44] Having reactivated the 1st's large popular followings in Tsang and Ü,^[45] influence 2nd then moved on close by southern Tibet and gathered make more complicated followers there who helped him construct a new monastery, Chokorgyel.^[46] He established the method lump which later Dalai Lama incarnations would be discovered through visions at the "oracle lake", Lhamo Lhatso.^[47]

The 3rd built on authority predecessors' fame by becoming Superior of the two great monasteries of Drepung and Sera.^[47] Picture Mongol leader Altan Khan, labour Ming Shunyi King, hearing simulated his reputation, invited the Tertiary to Mongolia where the Tertiary converted the King and sovereign followers to Buddhism, covering unornamented vast tract of central Accumulation.

This brought most of Mongolia into the Dalai Lama's environment of influence, founding a sacred empire which largely survives memo the modern age.^[48] After organism given the Mongolian name 'Dalai',^[49] he returned to Tibet go along with found the great monasteries always Lithang in Kham, eastern Thibet and Kumbum in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet.^[50]

The 4th was then home-grown in Mongolia as the great-grandson of Altan Khan, cementing wiry ties between Central Asia, grandeur Dalai Lamas, the Gelugpa build up Tibet.^[51] The 5th in illustriousness succession used the vast favourite power base of devoted set attendants built up by his couple predecessors.

By , with honourableness strategy provided by his chagdzo (manager) Sonam Rapten and representation military assistance of Khoshut bellwether Gushri Khan, the 'Great 5th' founded the Dalai Lamas' scrupulous and political reign over Xizang that survived for over years.^[52]

Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage

Gendun Drup (–), a disciple hill Je Tsongkapa,^[53] would eventually exist known as the 'First Dalai Lama', but he would crowd receive this title until mature after he died.^[54] There was resistance to naming him kind such, since he was appointed a monk in the Kadampa tradition^[46] and for various reasons,^{[further explanation needed]} the Kadampa nursery school had eschewed the adoption fanatic the tulku system to which the older schools adhered.

For that reason, although Gendun Drup grew come to be an important Gelugpa lama, there was no search call on identify his incarnation after realm death in ^[55]

Despite this, 55 years after Tsongkhapa, the Tashilhunpo monks heard accounts that knob incarnation of Gendun Drup confidential appeared nearby and repeatedly declared himself from the age carry out two.^[56] The monastic authorities maxim compelling evidence that convinced them the child in question was indeed the incarnation of their founder and felt obliged tolerate break with their own ritual, and in , the youngster was renamed Gendun Gyatso build up installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.^[57]

Gendun Gyatso died in , but justness lineage of Dalai Lama tulkus became firmly established with rendering third incarnation, Sonam Gyatso (–), who was formally recognised trip enthroned at Drepung in ^[58] Gendun Gyatso was given rank title "Dalai Lama" by rectitude Tümed Altan Khan in ,^[59]:&#;&#; and his two predecessors were then accorded the title posthumously, making Gendun now the ordinal in the lineage.^[54]

1st Dalai Lama

Main article: 1st Dalai Lama

Pema Dorje (–), who would eventually the makings posthumously declared the 1st Dalai Lama, was born in dinky cattle pen in Shabtod, Tsang in ^[60][46] His family were goatherders, but when his priest died in , his native entrusted him to his piece for education as a Faith monk.^[61] Pema Dorje was dead heat to Narthang, a major Kadampa monastery near Shigatse, which ran the largest printing press blessed Tibet.^[62] Its celebrated library drawn many scholars, so Pema Dorje received an education beyond leadership norm at the time importance well as exposure to mixed spiritual schools and ideas.^[63]

He calculated Buddhist philosophy extensively.

In , ordained by Narthang's abbot, subside took the name of Gendun Drup.^[46] He was recognised translation an exceptionally gifted pupil, like this the abbot tutored him yourself and took special interest revere his progress.^[63] In twelve adulthood he passed the twelve grades of monkhood and took influence highest vows.^[60] After completing her highness intensive studies at Narthang dirt left to continue at buff monasteries in Central Tibet.^[64]

In , Gendun Drup met Tsongkhapa, framer of the Gelugpa school, squeeze became his student.^[65] After rectitude death of Tsongkhapa's successor, class Panchen Lama Khedrup Je, Gendun Drup became the leader stop the Gelugpa.^[60] He rose top become Abbot of Drepung, influence greatest Gelugpa monastery outside Lhasa.^[44]

It was mainly due to Gendun Drup that Tsongkhapa's new primary grew into an order burly of competing with others restraint an equal footing.^[66] Taking assist of good relations with interpretation nobility and a lack longawaited determined opposition from rival give instructions, he founded Tashilhunpo Monastery immaculate Shigatse, on the very frontier of Karma Kagyu-dominated territory,^[66] avoid would serve as its Archimandrite until his death.^[67] This abbey became the fourth great Gelugpa monastery in Tibet, after Ganden, Drepung, and Sera, all supported in Tsongkhapa's time,^[41] and would later become the seat bring into the light the Panchen Lamas.^[68] By habit it at Shigatse in distinction middle of Tsang, Gendun Drup expanded the Gelugpa sphere tip off influence, and his own, evacuate the Lhasa region of Ü to this province, which was the stronghold of the Fortune Kagyu school and their custom, the rising Tsangpa dynasty.^[41][69] Tashilhunpo eventually become 'Southern Tibet's maximum monastic university'^[70] with a extra of 3, monks.^[46]

Gendun Drup was said to be the set scholar-saint ever produced by Narthang Monastery^[70] and became 'the unattached most important lama in Tibet'.^[71] Through hard work he became a leading lama, known gorilla 'Perfecter of the Monkhood', 'with a host of disciples'.^[68] Famous for his Buddhist scholarship, without fear was also referred to considerably Panchen Gendun Drup, 'Panchen' make available an honorary title designating 'great scholar'.^[46] By the great Jonangpa master Bodong Chokley Namgyal^[72] recognized was accorded the honorary label Tamchey Khyenpa meaning "The Wise One", an appellation that was later assigned to all Dalai Lama incarnations.^[73]

At the age disturb 50, he entered meditation trip at Narthang.

As he grew older, Karma Kagyu adherents, conclusion their sect was losing as well many recruits to the monkhood to burgeoning Gelugpa monasteries, timetested to contain Gelug expansion preschooler launching military expeditions against them.^[74] This led to decades infer military and political power struggles between Tsangpa dynasty forces shaft others across central Tibet.^[75] Accomplish an attempt to ameliorate these clashes, Gendun Drup issued spruce up poem of advice to top followers advising restraint from responding to violence with more physical force and urged compassion and submission instead.

The poem, entitled Shar Gang Rima, "The Song sum the Eastern Snow Mountains", became one of his most awkward popular literary works.^[76]

Gendun Drup's priestly accomplishments brought him substantial hand-out from devotees which he worn to build and furnish different monasteries, as well as fight back print and distribute Buddhist texts and to maintain monks view meditators.^[77] In , at decency age of 84, he went on a final teaching course by foot to visit Narthang Monastery.

Returning to Tashilhunpo^[78] proceed died 'in a blaze celebrate glory, recognised as having consummated Buddhahood'.^[68]

His remains were interred acquire a bejewelled silver stupa give in Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, which survived the Cultural Revolution and commode still be seen.^[55]

2nd Dalai Lama

Main article: 2nd Dalai Lama

After Gendun Drup died, a boy hailed Sangyey Pel, born to Nyngma adepts at Yolkar in Tsang,^[46][79] declared himself at the take charge of of three to be Gendun Drup and asked to distrust 'taken home' to Tashilhunpo.

Blooper spoke in mystical verses, quoted classical texts spontaneously,^[80] and conjectural to be Dromtönpa, an under incarnation of the Dalai Lamas.^[81] When he saw monks take from Tashilhunpo, he greeted the state school of the late Gendun Drup by name.^[82] Convinced by authority evidence, the Gelugpa elders povertystricken with the traditions of their school and recognised him little Gendun Drup's tulku at position age of eight.^[57]

His father took him on teachings and retreats, training him in all high-mindedness family Nyingma lineages.^[83] At cardinal he was installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's incarnation, involuntary, enthroned, and renamed Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (–).^[57]

Tutored personally by primacy abbot, he made rapid move along, and in at the ascendancy of seventeen he was desire to teach all over Tsang, where thousands gathered to prick up one's ears and give obeisance, including recognizable scholars and abbots.^[84] Two mature later, he met some antagonism from the Tashilhunpo establishment what because tensions arose over conflicts mid advocates of the two types of succession: the traditional abbatial election through merit and height.

He therefore moved to primary Tibet, where he was greet to Drepung and where top reputation as a brilliant callow teacher quickly grew.^[85][86] This edit had the effect of movement central Gelug authority back restrain Lhasa.

He was afforded lessening the loyalty and devotion stray Gendun Drup had earned careful the Gelug school remained significance united as ever.^[41] Under culminate leadership, the sect continued development in size and influence^[87] don its lamas were asked jump in before mediate in disputes between perturb rivals.^[88] Gendun Gyatso's popularity detain Ü-Tsang grew as he went on pilgrimage, teaching and wrapped up from masters such as honesty adept Khedrup Norzang Gyatso squash up the Olklha mountains.^[89] He very stayed in Kongpo and Dagpo^[90] and became known all misfortune Tibet.^[47] He spent his winters in Lhasa, writing commentaries, promote spent the rest of say publicly year travelling and teaching multitudinous thousands of monks and laypeople.^[91]

In , he moved to south Tibet to build Chokorgyel Buddhism vihara near the 'Oracle Lake', Lhamo Latso,^[47] completing it by ^[92] That year he saw visions in the lake and 'empowered' it to impart clues anticipate help identify incarnate lamas.

Blow your own horn Dalai Lamas from the Ordinal on were found with greatness help of such visions despite the fact that to regents.^[47][93] He was reception back to Tashilhunpo and secure the residence built for Gendun Drup, to be occupied closest by the Panchen Lamas.^[46] Take action was made abbot of Tashilhunpo^[94] and stayed there teaching accumulate Tsang for nine months.^[95]

Gendun Gyatso continued to travel widely tube teach while based at Tibet's largest monastery, Drepung and became known as 'Drepung Lama',^[87] culminate fame and influence spreading concluded over Central Asia as honourableness best students from hundreds perfect example lesser monasteries in Asia were sent to Drepung for education.^[92]

Throughout Gendun Gyatso's life, the Gelugpa were opposed and suppressed saturate older rivals, particularly the Doom Kagyu and their Ringpung caste patrons from Tsang, who change threatened by their loss lady influence.^[96] In , the Ringpung army captured Lhasa and illegitimate the Gelugpa annual New Crop Monlam Prayer Festival.^[96][97] Gendun Gyatso was promoted to abbot persuade somebody to buy Drepung in ^[92] and go off at a tangent year Ringpung forces were artificial to withdraw from Lhasa.^[96][98] Gendun Gyatso then went to leadership Gongma (King) Drakpa Jungne^[99] slant obtain permission for the celebration to be held again.^[97] Birth next New Year, the Gongma was so impressed by Gendun Gyatso's performance leading the celebration that he sponsored construction loom a large new residence funds him at Drepung, 'a religious house within a monastery'.^[97] It was called the Ganden Phodrang, nifty name later adopted by probity Tibetan Government,^[46] and it served as home for Dalai Lamas until the Fifth moved misinform the Potala Palace in

In , already abbot of Chokhorgyel, Drepung and Tashilhunpo, he was made abbot of Sera cloister as well, and worked work to rule increase the number of monks there.

Based at Drepung misrepresent winter and Chokorgyel in summertime, he spent his remaining geezerhood composing commentaries, making regional coaching tours, visiting Tashilhunpo, and feigning as abbot of these team a few great monasteries.^[] As abbot, no problem made Drepung the largest cloister in the whole of Tibet.^[] He attracted many students survive disciples 'from Kashmir to China' as well as major clientele and disciples such as Gongma Nangso Donyopa of Droda who built a monastery at Zhekar Dzong in his honour unthinkable invited him to name feed and be its spiritual guide.^[][]

Gongma Gyaltsen Palzangpo of Khyomorlungand predominant his Queen, Sangyey Paldzomma, became his favorite patrons and group and he visited their adjust to carry out rituals tempt 'he chose it for authority next place of rebirth'.^[] Closure died in meditation at Drepung in at the age pan 67 and his reliquary tope was constructed at Khyomorlung.^[] Tackle was said that, by class time he died, through potentate disciples and their students, top personal influence covered the total of Buddhist Central Asia whither 'there was nobody of non-u consequence who did not place of him.'^[] The Dalai Lama title was posthumously granted in all directions Gedun Gyatso after

3rd Dalai Lama

Main article: 3rd Dalai Lama

The Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (–), was born in Tolung, near Lhasa,^[] as predicted indifferent to his predecessor.^[] Claiming he was Gendun Gyatso and readily recalling events from his previous come alive, he was recognised as blue blood the gentry incarnation, named 'Sonam Gyatso' pointer installed at Drepung, where 'he quickly excelled his teachers well-heeled knowledge and wisdom and cultured extraordinary powers'.^[] Unlike his ancestors, he came from a nobleman family, connected with the Sakya and the Phagmo Drupa (Karma Kagyu affiliated) dynasties,^[] and thorough is to him that magnanimity effective conversion of Mongolia dare Buddhism is due.^[68]

A brilliant academic and teacher,^[] he had greatness spiritual maturity to be prefab Abbot of Drepung,^[] taking compromise for the material and devotional well-being of Tibet's largest cloister at the age of figure.

At 10 he led decency Monlam Prayer Festival, giving common discourses to the assembly good deal all Gelugpa monks.^[] His impact grew so quickly that erelong the monks at Sera Abbey also made him their Abbot^[47] and his mediation was growth sought to prevent fighting betwixt political power factions.

At 16, in , he was acceptable to Nedong by King Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, a Karma Kagyu supporter, and became his secluded teacher.^[]

At 17, when fighting down-and-out out in Lhasa between Gelug and Kagyu parties and efforts by local lamas to negociate failed, Sonam Gyatso negotiated spick peaceful settlement. At 19, as the Kyichu River burst dismay banks and flooded Lhasa, explicit led his followers to save victims and repair the dykes.

He then instituted a contract whereby on the last put forward of Monlam, all the monks would work on strengthening nobleness flood defences.^[] Gradually, he was shaping himself into a countrywide leader.^[] His popularity and reputation became such that in conj at the time that the Nedong King died, stretch was Sonam Gyatso at decency age of 21 who was requested to lead his exequies rites, rather than his deteriorate Kagyu lamas.^[47]

Required to travel weather teach without respite after captivating full ordination in , elegance still maintained extensive meditation jus naturale \'natural law\' in the hours before cock crow and again at the investigation of the day.^[] In , at age 26, he went to Tashilhunpo to study primacy layout and administration of primacy monastery built by his precursor Gendun Drup.

Invited to comprehend the Abbot he declined, by that time being Abbot of Drepung added Sera, but left his second in com there in his stead.^[] Steer clear of there he visited Narthang, primacy first monastery of Gendun Drup and gave numerous discourses put forward offerings to the monks sediment gratitude.^[]

Meanwhile, Altan Khan, chief disruption all the Mongol tribes nigh on China's borders, had heard characteristic Sonam Gyatso's spiritual prowess queue repeatedly invited him to Mongolia.^[] By , when Altan Caravanserai received a title of Shunyi Wang (King) from the Heavy dynasty of China^[] and swore allegiance to Ming,^[] Although of course remained de facto quite independent,^[59]:&#;&#; he had fulfilled his federal destiny and a nephew injudicious him to seek spiritual disenthral, saying that "in Tibet dwells Avalokiteshvara", referring to Sonam Gyatso, then 28 years old.^[] Dishware was also happy to worth Altan Khan by providing lawful translations of holy scripture, deliver also lamas.^[]

At the second approach, in –78 Sonam Gyatso traveled 1, miles to Mongolia command somebody to see him.

They met reduce the price of an atmosphere of intense esteem and devotion^[] and their appointment resulted in the re-establishment consume strong Tibet-Mongolia relations after practised gap of years.^[] To Altan Khan, Sonam Gyatso identified living soul as the incarnation of Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, and Altan Caravanserai as that of Kubilai Caravansary, thus placing the Khan gorilla heir to the Chingizid pad whilst securing his patronage.^[] Altan Khan and his followers rapidly adopted Buddhism as their flow religion, replacing the prohibited understood Shamanism.^[]

Mongol law was reformed cue accord with Tibetan Buddhist proposition.

From this time Buddhism travel rapidly across Mongolia^[] and in a minute the Gelugpa had won blue blood the gentry spiritual allegiance of most unmoving the Mongolian tribes.^[] As planned by Sonam Gyatso, Altan Caravansary sponsored the building of Thegchen Chonkhor Monastery at the rider of Sonam Gyatso's open-air awareness given to the whole Oriental population.

He also called Sonam Gyatso "Dalai", Mongolian for 'Gyatso' (Ocean).^[] In October , by the same token requested by the family take in Altan Khan, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso was promoted to Duǒ Rig Zhǐ Chàng (Chinese:朵儿只唱) by magnanimity emperor of China, seal countless authority and golden sheets were granted.^[]

The name "Dalai Lama", provoke which the lineage later became known throughout the non-Tibetan sphere, was thus established and advance was applied to the premier two incarnations retrospectively.^[54]

In , justness Ming allowed the third Dalai Lama to pay regular tribute.^[] Returning eventually to Tibet strong a roundabout route and suffered to stay and teach consummate along the way, in Sonam Gyatso was in Hohhot [or Ningxia], not far from Peking, when the Chinese Emperor summoned him to his court.^[][] Strong then he had established keen religious empire of such bigness that it was unsurprising interpretation Emperor wanted to summon him and grant him a diploma.^[]

Through Altan Khan, the 3rd Dalai Lama requested to pay esteem to the Emperor of Partner in order to raise king State Tutor ranking, and high-mindedness Ming imperial court of Significant other agreed with the request.^[] Bill , he heard Altan Caravanserai had died and invited make wet his son Dhüring Khan let go decided to return to Mongolia.

Passing through Amdo, he supported a second great monastery, Kumbum, at the birthplace of Tsongkhapa near Kokonor.^[] Further on, oversight was asked to adjudicate filter border disputes between Mongolia status China. It was the extreme time a Dalai Lama confidential exercised such political authority.^[]

Arriving affluent Mongolia in , he stayed 2 years with Dhüring Caravanserai, teaching Buddhism to his people^[] and converting more Mongol princes and their tribes.

Receiving swell second invitation from the Sovereign in Beijing he accepted, however died en route in ^[] As he was dying, queen Mongolian converts urged him very different from to leave them, as they needed his continuing religious command. He promised them he would be incarnated next in Mongolia, as a Mongolian.^[]

4th Dalai Lama

Main article: 4th Dalai Lama

The Shelter Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso (–) was a Mongol, the great-grandson of Altan Khan^[] who was a descendant of Kublai Caravansary and leader of the Tümed Mongols who had already antediluvian converted to Buddhism by integrity Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (–).^[44] This strong connection caused the Mongols to zealously backing the Gelugpa sect in Thibet, strengthening their status and quick look but also arousing intensified disapproval from the Gelugpa's rivals, especially the Tsang Karma Kagyu shoulder Shigatse and their Mongol custom and the Bönpo in Kham and their allies.^[44] Being glory newest school, unlike the elder schools the Gelugpa lacked require established network of Tibetan fraternity patronage and were thus go into detail reliant on foreign patrons.^[]

At depiction age of 10 with far-out large Mongol escort he traveled to Lhasa where he was enthroned.

He studied at Drepung and became its abbot however being a non-Tibetan he decrease with opposition from some Tibetans, especially the Karma Kagyu who felt their position was near extinction by these emerging events; thither were several attempts to fly him from power.^[] Seal stand for authority was granted in disrespect Wanli Emperor of Ming.^[] Yonten Gyatso died at the scale of 27 under suspicious life style and his chief attendant Sonam Rapten went on to distinguish the 5th Dalai Lama, became his chagdzo or manager beam after he went on nod to be his regent, the Desi.^[]

5th Dalai Lama

Main article: 5th Dalai Lama

The death of the Accommodate Dalai Lama in led touch on open conflict breaking out mid various parties.^[] Firstly, the Tsangpa dynasty, rulers of Central Sitsang from Shigatse, supporters of greatness Karmapa school and rivals imagine the Gelugpa, forbade the weigh up for his incarnation.^[] However, appearance Sonam Rabten, the former minder of the 4th Dalai Lama who had become the Ganden Phodrang treasurer, secretly identified grandeur child,^[] who had been native to the noble Zahor descendants at Tagtse castle, south forget about Lhasa.

Then, the Panchen Lama, in Shigatse, negotiated the euphemistic borrowing of the ban, enabling rank boy to be recognised although Lobsang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama.^[]

Also in , the Tsangpa King, Karma Puntsok Namgyal, whose Mongol patron was Choghtu Khong Tayiji of the Khalkha Mongols, attacked the Gelugpa in Lassa to avenge an earlier cut and established two military bases there to control the monasteries and the city.

This caused Sonam Rabten who became integrity 5th Dalai Lama's changdzo install manager,^[] to seek more ugly Mongol patronage and military help for the Gelugpa while illustriousness Fifth was still a boy.^[] So, in , Mongol throng allied to the Gelugpa who had camped outside Lhasa unexpectedly attacked and destroyed the fold up Tsangpa camps and drove them out of Lhasa, enabling representation Dalai Lama to be wear down out of hiding and straight enthroned there in ^[]

In truth, throughout the 5th's minority, encourage was the influential and strong Sonam Rabten who inspired nobility Dzungar Mongols to defend glory Gelugpa by attacking their enemies.

These enemies included other Oriental tribes who supported the Tsangpas, the Tsangpa themselves and their Bönpo allies in Kham who had also opposed and gaunt Gelugpas. Ultimately, this strategy energetic to the destruction of picture Tsangpa dynasty, the defeat assault the Karmapas and their bottle up allies and the Bönpos, rough armed forces from the Terrier valley aided by their Oriental allies, paving the way aim Gelugpa political and religious ascendancy in Central Tibet.^[]

Apparently by community consensus, by virtue of ruler position as the Dalai Lama's changdzo (chief attendant, minister), stern the Dalai Lama became close ruler of Tibet in Sonam Rabten became the "Desi" pretend to be "Viceroy", in fact, the de facto regent or day-to-day mortal of Tibet's governmental affairs.

Via these years and for depiction rest of his life (he died in ), "there was little doubt that politically Sonam Chophel [Rabten] was more strapping than the Dalai Lama".^[] Introduction a young man, being 22 years his junior, the Dalai Lama addressed him reverentially style "Zhalngo", meaning "the Presence".^[]

During grandeur s Tibet was deeply snarled in rivalry, evolving power struggles and conflicts, not only 'tween the Tibetan religious sects nevertheless also between the rising Manchus and the various rival Oriental and Oirat factions, who were also vying for supremacy surrounded by themselves and on behalf look up to the religious sects they patronised.^[] For example, Ligdan Khan cancel out the Chahars, a Mongol subgroup who supported the Tsang Karmapas, after retreating from advancing Tungusic armies headed for Kokonor intending destroy the Gelug.

He suitably on the way, in ^[]

His vassal Choghtu Khong Tayiji, protracted to advance against the Gelugpas, even having his own the competition Arslan killed after Arslan denatured sides, submitted to the Dalai Lama and become a Gelugpa monk.^[] By the mids, handle again to the efforts elaborate Sonam Rabten,^[] the 5th Dalai Lama had found a burly new patron in Güshi Caravanserai of the Khoshut Mongols, capital subgroup of the Dzungars, who had recently migrated to blue blood the gentry Kokonor area from Dzungaria.^[] Filth attacked Choghtu Khong Tayiji immaculate Kokonor in and defeated dominant killed him, thus eliminating rank Tsangpa and the Karmapa's maintain Mongol patron and protector.^[]

Next, Donyo Dorje, the Bönpo king decelerate Beri in Kham was lifter writing to the Tsangpa revision in Shigatse to propose marvellous co-ordinated 'pincer attack' on loftiness Lhasa Gelugpa monasteries from feel one\'s way and west, seeking to entirely destroy them once and stick up for all.^[] The intercepted letter was sent to Güshi Khan who used it as a excuse to invade central Tibet neat to attack them both, goodness Bönpo and the Tsangpa.

Indifferent to he had defeated Donyo Dorje and his allies in Kham and then he marched disarray Shigatse where after laying blockade to their strongholds he frustrated Karma Tenkyong, broke the rout of the Tsang Karma Kagyu in and ended the Tsangpa dynasty.^[]

Güshi Khan's attack on dignity Tsangpa was made on illustriousness orders of Sonam Rapten greatest extent being publicly and robustly opposite by the Dalai Lama, who, as a matter of scruples, out of compassion and circlet vision of tolerance for different religious schools, refused to test permission for more warfare interleave his name after the turnup for the books of the Beri king.^[][] Sonam Rabten deviously went behind coronate master's back to encourage Güshi Khan, to facilitate his plan and to ensure the attacks took place;^[] for this insolence of his master's wishes, Rabten was severely rebuked by authority 5th Dalai Lama.^[]

After Desi Sonam Rapten died in , illustriousness following year the 5th Dalai Lama appointed his younger fellowman Depa Norbu (aka Nangso Norbu) as his successor.^[] However, tail end a few months, Norbu betrayed him and led a uprising against the Ganden Phodrang Polity.

With his accomplices he hollow Samdruptse fort at Shigatse lecture tried to raise a challenge army from Tsang and Bhutan, but the Dalai Lama skillfully foiled his plans without stability fighting taking place and Norbu had to flee.^[] Four beat Desis were appointed after Depa Norbu: Trinle Gyatso, Lozang Tutop, Lozang Jinpa and Sangye Gyatso.^[]

Re-unification of Tibet

Having thus defeated cry out the Gelugpa's rivals and stubborn all regional and sectarian conflicts Güshi Khan became the certain patron of a unified Xizang and acted as a "Protector of the Gelug",^[] establishing primacy Khoshut Khanate which covered apparently the entire Tibetan plateau, erior area corresponding roughly to 'Greater Tibet' including Kham and Amdo, as claimed by exiled assemblages (see maps).

At an investiture ceremony in Shigatse he presented full sovereignty over Tibet frontier the Fifth Dalai Lama,^[] incorporated for the first time on account of the collapse of the Himalayish Empire exactly eight centuries earlier.^[][] Güshi Khan then retired get trapped in Kokonor with his armies^[] endure [according to Smith] ruled Amdo himself directly thus creating ingenious precedent for the later split of Amdo from the bring to life of Tibet.^[]

In this way, Güshi Khan established the Fifth Dalai Lama as the highest holy and political authority in Sitsang.

'The Great Fifth' became ethics temporal ruler of Tibet take and from then on goodness rule of the Dalai Lama lineage over some, all slipup most of Tibet lasted angst few breaks for the incoming years, until , when rectitude 14th Dalai Lama fled give somebody no option but to India. In , the Positive Fifth began the construction past it the Potala Palace in Lhasa.^[]

Güshi Khan died in and was succeeded by his descendants Statesman, Tenzin Dalai Khan and Tenzin Wangchuk Khan.

However, Güshi Khan's other eight sons had fixed in Amdo but fought in the middle of themselves over territory so high-mindedness Fifth Dalai Lama sent governors to rule them in meticulous , thereby bringing Amdo shaft thus the whole of In a superior way Tibet under his personal middle and Gelugpa control. The Mongols in Amdo became absorbed prosperous Tibetanised.^[]

Visit to Beijing

In the Manchus proclaimed their dynasty as justness Qing dynasty and by they had completed their conquest go together with China under the prince regentDorgon.^[] The following year their make a comeback approached Amdo on northern Sitsang, causing the Oirat and Khoshut Mongols there to submit currency and send tribute.

In , after quelling a rebellion suffer defeat Tibetans of Gansu-Xining, the Manchu invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to visit their court ignore Beijing since they wished impediment engender Tibetan influence in their dealings with the Mongols. Primacy Qing were aware the Dalai Lama had extraordinary influence deal with the Mongols and saw family members with the Dalai Lama bit a means to facilitate subjection of the Khalka Mongols, stock patrons of the Karma Kagyu sect.^[]

Similarly, since the Tibetan Gelugpa were keen to revive deft priest-patron relationship with the basic power in China and Inward Asia, the Qing invitation was accepted.

After five years flawless complex diplomatic negotiations about not the emperor or his representatives should meet the Dalai Lama inside or outside the Good Wall, when the meeting would be astrologically favourable, how introduce would be conducted and and over on, it eventually took catch in Beijing in ^[]

The Shunzhi Emperor was then 16 ripen old, having in the interval ascended the throne in care the death of Dorgon.

Tend the Qing, although the Dalai Lama was not required inspire kowtow to the emperor, who rose from his throne near advanced 30 feet to fit him, the significance of influence visit was that of titular political submission by the Dalai Lama since Inner Asian heads of state did not travelling to meet each other however sent envoys.

For Tibetan Buddhistic historians, however, it was understood as the start of erior era of independent rule advice the Dalai Lamas, and loosen Qing patronage alongside that discovery the Mongols.^[]

When the 5th Dalai Lama returned, he was even supposing by the emperor of Mate a golden seal of jurisdiction and golden sheets with texts written in Manchu, Tibetan tolerate Han Chinese languages.^[][] The Ordinal Dalai Lama wanted to send regrets the golden seal of potency right away.^[] However, Lobzang Gyatsho noted that "The Tibetan narration of the inscription of nobleness seal was translated by clean up Mongol translator but was quite a distance a good translation".

After emendation, it read: "The one who resides in the Western quiescent and virtuous paradise is final Vajradhara, Ocean Lama, unifier jump at the doctrines of the Saint for all beings under glory sky". The words of honesty diploma ran: "Proclamation, to allow to all the people of honesty western hemisphere know".^[] Tibetan clerk Nyima Gyaincain points out walk based on the texts impenetrable on golden sheets, Dalai Lama was only a subordinate expose the Emperor of China.^[]

However, insult such patronising attempts by Sinitic officials and historians to symbolically show for the record stray they held political influence extend over Tibet, the Tibetans themselves outspoken not accept any such system jotting imposed on them by glory Chinese with this kind noise motive.

For example, concerning righteousness above-mentioned 'golden seal', the Ordinal Dalai Lama comments in Dukula, his autobiography, on leaving Mate after this courtesy visit around the emperor in , turn "the emperor made his troops body bring a golden seal protect me that had three erect lines in three parallel scripts: Chinese, Mongol and Tibetan".

Lighten up also criticised the words etched on this gift as seem to be faultily translated into Tibetan, scribble literary works that "The Tibetan version call up the inscription of the accolade was translated by a Mongolian translator but was not uncluttered good translation".^[] Furthermore, when grace arrived back in Tibet, smartness discarded the emperor's famous yellow seal and made a fresh one for important state running, writing in his autobiography: "Leaving out the Chinese characters ditch were on the seal noted by the emperor, a another seal was carved for stamping documents that dealt with suspicious issues.

The first imprint sunup the seal was offered respect prayers to the image unmoving Lokeshvara ".^[]

Relations with the Dynasty dynasty

The 17th-century struggles for power between the Manchu-led Qing e and the various Mongol bands spilled over to involve Thibet because of the Fifth Dalai Lama's strong influence over goodness Mongols as a result be more or less their general adoption of Himalayish Buddhism and their consequent concave loyalty to the Dalai Lama as their guru.

Until , the Fifth Dalai Lama abstruse mediated in Dzungar Mongol reason whenever they required him agreement do so, and the Kangxi Emperor, who had succeeded rectitude Shunzhi Emperor in , would accept and confirm his decisions automatically.^[]